Examples of primary consumers include:

• A. Owls and eagles
• B. Deer and grasshoppers
• C. Spiders and wolves
• D. Fungi and bacteria

Answer: (B)

Primary consumers are organisms that feed directly on producers, which are typically plants and algae. They occupy the second trophic level in a food chain, obtaining their energy by consuming these primary producers.

Deer and grasshoppers are classic examples of primary consumers. Deer, as herbivores, feed on grasses, leaves, and other plant matter, while grasshoppers consume a variety of grass and other vegetation. Both of these organisms rely exclusively on plants for their nutritional needs, emphasizing their role in transferring energy from the producer level to higher trophic levels.

In contrast, the other groups mentioned consist of organisms that do not fit the definition of primary consumers. For instance, owls and eagles are carnivorous birds that primarily feed on other animals, and spiders and wolves are also predators, consuming other animals rather than plants. Lastly, fungi and bacteria are decomposers that break down organic matter, recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem, rather than consuming plants directly. Thus, the answer focuses on those organisms that directly consume producers, making deer and grasshoppers the correct examples of primary consumers.